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7.5. Configuring the Linux Console
This section discusses how to configure the console and consolelog bootscripts that set up the keyboard map, console font and console kernel log level. If non-ASCII characters (e.g., the copyright sign, the British pound sign and Euro symbol) will not be used and the keyboard is a U.S. one, much of this section can be skipped. Without the configuration file, the console bootscript will do nothing.
The console and
consolelog script reads
the /etc/sysconfig/console file for
configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen font will
be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this,
see http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html.
If still in doubt, look in the /lib/kbd
directory for valid keymaps and screen fonts. Read loadkeys(1) and setfont(8) manual pages to determine the correct
arguments for these programs.
The /etc/sysconfig/console file should
contain lines of the form: VARIABLE="value". The following variables
are recognized:
- LOGLEVEL
-
This variable specifies the log level for kernel messages sent to the console as set by dmesg. Valid levels are from "1" (no messages) to "8". The default level is "7".
- KEYMAP
-
This variable specifies the arguments for the loadkeys program, typically, the name of keymap to load, e.g., “es”. If this variable is not set, the bootscript will not run the loadkeys program, and the default kernel keymap will be used.
- KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS
-
This (rarely used) variable specifies the arguments for the second call to the loadkeys program. This is useful if the stock keymap is not completely satisfactory and a small adjustment has to be made. E.g., to include the Euro sign into a keymap that normally doesn't have it, set this variable to “euro2”.
- FONT
-
This variable specifies the arguments for the setfont program. Typically, this includes the font name, “-m”, and the name of the application character map to load. E.g., in order to load the “lat1-16” font together with the “8859-1” application character map (as it is appropriate in the USA), set this variable to “lat1-16 -m 8859-1”. In UTF-8 mode, the kernel uses the application character map for conversion of composed 8-bit key codes in the keymap to UTF-8, and thus the argument of the "-m" parameter should be set to the encoding of the composed key codes in the keymap.
- UNICODE
-
Set this variable to “1”, “yes” or “true” in order to put the console into UTF-8 mode. This is useful in UTF-8 based locales and harmful otherwise.
- LEGACY_CHARSET
-
For many keyboard layouts, there is no stock Unicode keymap in the Kbd package. The console bootscript will convert an available keymap to UTF-8 on the fly if this variable is set to the encoding of the available non-UTF-8 keymap.
Some examples:
-
For a non-Unicode setup, only the KEYMAP and FONT variables are generally needed. E.g., for a Polish setup, one would use:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console KEYMAP="pl2" FONT="lat2a-16 -m 8859-2" # End /etc/sysconfig/consoleEOF -
As mentioned above, it is sometimes necessary to adjust a stock keymap slightly. The following example adds the Euro symbol to the German keymap:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console KEYMAP="de-latin1" KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2" FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15" # End /etc/sysconfig/consoleEOF -
The following is a Unicode-enabled example for Bulgarian, where a stock UTF-8 keymap exists:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console UNICODE="1" KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8" FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16" # End /etc/sysconfig/consoleEOF -
Due to the use of a 512-glyph LatArCyrHeb-16 font in the previous example, bright colors are no longer available on the Linux console unless a framebuffer is used. If one wants to have bright colors without framebuffer and can live without characters not belonging to his language, it is still possible to use a language-specific 256-glyph font, as illustrated below:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console UNICODE="1" KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8" FONT="cyr-sun16" # End /etc/sysconfig/consoleEOF -
The following example illustrates keymap autoconversion from ISO-8859-15 to UTF-8 and enabling dead keys in Unicode mode:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console UNICODE="1" KEYMAP="de-latin1" KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2" LEGACY_CHARSET="iso-8859-15" FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16 -m 8859-15" # End /etc/sysconfig/consoleEOF -
Some keymaps have dead keys (i.e., keys that don't produce a character by themselves, but put an accent on the character produced by the next key) or define composition rules (such as: “press Ctrl+. A E to get ф” in the default keymap). Linux-2.6.35.4 interprets dead keys and composition rules in the keymap correctly only when the source characters to be composed together are not multibyte. This deficiency doesn't affect keymaps for European languages, because there accents are added to unaccented ASCII characters, or two ASCII characters are composed together. However, in UTF-8 mode it is a problem, e.g., for the Greek language, where one sometimes needs to put an accent on the letter “alpha”. The solution is either to avoid the use of UTF-8, or to install the X window system that doesn't have this limitation in its input handling.
-
For Chinese, Japanese, Korean and some other languages, the Linux console cannot be configured to display the needed characters. Users who need such languages should install the X Window System, fonts that cover the necessary character ranges, and the proper input method (e.g., SCIM, it supports a wide variety of languages).
![[Note]](../images/note.png)
Note
The /etc/sysconfig/console file only
controls the Linux text console localization. It has nothing to do
with setting the proper keyboard layout and terminal fonts in the X
Window System, with ssh sessions or with a serial console. In such
situations, limitations mentioned in the last two list items above
do not apply.