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LINUX: Rute User's Tutorial and Exposition (Version 1.0.0) Paul Sheer |
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- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Computing Sub-basics
- 3. PC Hardware
- 4. Basic Commands
- 4.1 The
lsCommand, Hidden Files, Command-Line Options - 4.2 Error Messages
- 4.3 Wildcards, Names, Extensions, and glob Expressions
- 4.4 Usage Summaries and the Copy Command
- 4.5 Directory Manipulation
- 4.6 Relative vs. Absolute Pathnames
- 4.7 System Manual Pages
- 4.8 System
infoPages - 4.9 Some Basic Commands
- 4.10 The
mcFile Manager - 4.11 Multimedia Commands for Fun
- 4.12 Terminating Commands
- 4.13 Compressed Files
- 4.14 Searching for Files
- 4.15 Searching Within Files
- 4.16 Copying to MS-DOS and Windows Formatted Floppy Disks
- 4.17 Archives and Backups
- 4.18 The
PATHWhere Commands Are Searched For - 4.19 The
--Option
- 4.1 The
- 5. Regular Expressions
- 6. Editing Text Files
- 7. Shell Scripting
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Looping: the
whileanduntilStatements - 7.3 Looping: the
forStatement - 7.4
breaking Out of Loops andcontinueing - 7.5 Looping Over Glob Expressions
- 7.6 The
caseStatement - 7.7 Using Functions: the
functionKeyword - 7.8 Properly Processing Command-Line Args:
shift - 7.9 More on Command-Line Arguments:
$@and$0 - 7.10 Single Forward Quote Notation
- 7.11 Double-Quote Notation
- 7.12 Backward-Quote Substitution
- 8. Streams and
sed-- The Stream Editor - 9. Processes, Environment Variables
- 10. Mail
- 11. User Accounts and Ownerships
- 12. Using Internet Services
- 13. LINUX Resources
- 14. Permission and Modification Times
- 15. Symbolic and Hard Links
- 16. Pre-installed Documentation
Kernel documentation: /usr/src/linux/Documentation/- X Window System graphics hardware support:
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/ - TEX and Meta-Font reference:
/usr/share/texmf/doc/ - LATEX HTML documentation:
/usr/share/texmf/doc/latex/latex2e-html/ - HOWTOs:
/usr/doc/HOWTOor/usr/share/doc/HOWTO - Mini HOWTOs:
/usr/doc/HOWTO/minior/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/mini - LINUX documentation project:
/usr/doc/LDPor/usr/share/doc/ldp - Web documentation:
/home/httpd/htmlor/var/www/html - Apache reference:
/home/httpd/html/manualor/var/www/html/manual - Manual pages:
/usr/man/or/usr/share/man/ -
infopages:/usr/info/or/usr/share/info/ - Individual package documentation:
/usr/doc/*or/usr/share/doc/*
- 17. Overview of the UNIX Directory Layout
- 18. UNIX Devices
- 19. Partitions, File Systems, Formatting, Mounting
- 20. Advanced Shell Scripting
- 20.1 Lists of Commands
- 20.2 Special Parameters:
$?,$*,... - 20.3 Expansion
- 20.4 Built-in Commands
- 20.5 Trapping Signals -- the
trapCommand - 20.6 Internal Settings -- the
setCommand - 20.7 Useful Scripts and Commands
- 20.7.1
chroot - 20.7.2
ifconditionals - 20.7.3
patching anddiffing - 20.7.4 Internet connectivity test
- 20.7.5 Recursive
grep(search) - 20.7.6 Recursive search and replace
- 20.7.7
cutandawk-- manipulating text file fields - 20.7.8 Calculations with
bc - 20.7.9 Conversion of graphics formats of many files
- 20.7.10 Securely erasing files
- 20.7.11 Persistent background processes
- 20.7.12 Processing the process list
- 20.7.1
- 20.8 Shell Initialization
- 20.9 File Locking
- 21. System Services and
lpd - 22. Trivial Introduction to C
- 22.1 C Fundamentals
- 22.1.1 The simplest C program
- 22.1.2 Variables and types
- 22.1.3 Functions
- 22.1.4
for,while,if, andswitchstatements - 22.1.5 Strings, arrays, and memory allocation
- 22.1.6 String operations
- 22.1.7 File operations
- 22.1.8 Reading command-line arguments inside C programs
- 22.1.9 A more complicated example
- 22.1.10
#includestatements and prototypes - 22.1.11 C comments
- 22.1.12
#defineand#if-- C macros
- 22.2 Debugging with
gdbandstrace - 22.3 C Libraries
- 22.4 C Projects --
Makefiles
- 22.1 C Fundamentals
- 23. Shared Libraries
- 24. Source and Binary Packages
- 25. Introduction to IP
- 25.1 Internet Communication
- 25.2 Special IP Addresses
- 25.3 Network Masks and Addresses
- 25.4 Computers on a LAN
- 25.5 Configuring Interfaces
- 25.6 Configuring Routing
- 25.7 Configuring Startup Scripts
- 25.8 Complex Routing -- a Many-Hop Example
- 25.9 Interface Aliasing -- Many IPs on One Physical Card
- 25.10 Diagnostic Utilities
- 26. TCP and UDP
- 27. DNS and Name Resolution
- 28. Network File System, NFS
- 29. Services Running Under
inetd - 30.
eximandsendmail - 31.
lilo,initrd, and Booting - 32.
init, ?getty, and UNIX Run Levels - 33. Sending Faxes
- 34.
uucpanduux - 35. The LINUX File System Standard
- 35.1 Introduction
- 35.2 The Filesystem
- 35.3 The Root Filesystem
- 35.3.1 Purpose
- 35.3.2 Requirements
- 35.3.3 Specific Options
- 35.3.4 /bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)
- 35.3.5 /boot : Static files of the boot loader
- 35.3.6 /dev : Device files
- 35.3.7 /etc : Host-specific system configuration
- 35.3.8 /home : User home directories (optional)
- 35.3.9 /lib : Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
- 35.3.10 /lib<qual> : Alternate format essential shared libraries (optional)
- 35.3.11 /mnt : Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem
- 35.3.12 /opt : Add-on application software packages
- 35.3.13 /root : Home directory for the root user (optional)
- 35.3.14 /sbin : System binaries
- 35.3.15 /tmp : Temporary files
- 35.4 The /usr Hierarchy
- 35.4.1 Purpose
- 35.4.2 Requirements
- 35.4.3 Specific Options
- 35.4.4 /usr/X11R6 : X Window System, Version 11 Release 6 (optional)
- 35.4.5 /usr/bin : Most user commands
- 35.4.6 /usr/include : Directory for standard include files.
- 35.4.7 /usr/lib : Libraries for programming and packages
- 35.4.8 /usr/lib<qual> : Alternate format libraries (optional)
- 35.4.9 /usr/local : Local hierarchy
- 35.4.10 /usr/sbin : Non-essential standard system binaries
- 35.4.11 /usr/share : Architecture-independent data
- 35.4.12 /usr/src : Source code (optional)
- 35.5 The /var Hierarchy
- 35.5.1 Purpose
- 35.5.2 Requirements
- 35.5.3 Specific Options
- 35.5.4 /var/account : Process accounting logs (optional)
- 35.5.5 /var/cache : Application cache data
- 35.5.6 /var/crash : System crash dumps (optional)
- 35.5.7 /var/games : Variable game data (optional)
- 35.5.8 /var/lib : Variable state information
- 35.5.9 /var/lock : Lock files
- 35.5.10 /var/log : Log files and directories
- 35.5.11 /var/mail : User mailbox files (optional)
- 35.5.12 /var/opt : Variable data for /opt
- 35.5.13 /var/run : Run-time variable data
- 35.5.14 /var/spool : Application spool data
- 35.5.15 /var/tmp : Temporary files preserved between system reboots
- 35.5.16 /var/yp : Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional)
- 35.6 Operating System Specific Annex
- 35.6.1 Linux
- 35.6.1.1 / : Root directory
- 35.6.1.2 /bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)
- 35.6.1.3 /dev : Devices and special files
- 35.6.1.4 /etc : Host-specific system configuration
- 35.6.1.5 /proc : Kernel and process information virtual filesystem
- 35.6.1.6 /sbin : Essential system binaries
- Optional files for /sbin:
- 35.6.1.7 /usr/include : Header files included by C programs
- 35.6.1.8 /usr/src : Source code
- 35.6.1.9 /var/spool/cron : cron and at jobs
- 35.6.1 Linux
- 35.7 Appendix
- 36.
httpd-- Apache Web Server- 36.1 Web Server Basics
- 36.2 Installing and Configuring Apache
- 36.2.1 Sample
httpd.conf - 36.2.2 Common directives
- 36.2.3 User HTML directories
- 36.2.4 Aliasing
- 36.2.5 Fancy indexes
- 36.2.6 Encoding and language negotiation
- 36.2.7 Server-side includes -- SSI
- 36.2.8 CGI -- Common Gateway Interface
- 36.2.9 Forms and CGI
- 36.2.10 Setuid CGIs
- 36.2.11 Apache modules and PHP
- 36.2.12 Virtual hosts
- 36.2.1 Sample
- 37.
crondandatd - 38.
postgresSQL Server- 38.1 Structured Query Language
- 38.2
postgres - 38.3
postgresPackage Content - 38.4 Installing and Initializing
postgres - 38.5 Database Queries with
psql - 38.6 Introduction to SQL
- 38.6.1 Creating tables
- 38.6.2 Listing a table
- 38.6.3 Adding a column
- 38.6.4 Deleting (dropping) a column
- 38.6.5 Deleting (dropping) a table
- 38.6.6 Inserting rows, ``object relational''
- 38.6.7 Locating rows
- 38.6.8 Listing selected columns, and the
oidcolumn - 38.6.9 Creating tables from other tables
- 38.6.10 Deleting rows
- 38.6.11 Searches
- 38.6.12 Migrating from another database; dumping and restoring tables as plain text
- 38.6.13 Dumping an entire database
- 38.6.14 More advanced searches
- 38.7 Real Database Projects
- 39.
smbd-- Samba NT Server - 40.
named-- Domain Name Server- 40.1 Documentation
- 40.2 Configuring
bind- 40.2.1 Example configuration
- Local client configuration:
/etc/resolv.conf - Top-level config file:
/etc/named.conf - Root name server list:
/var/named/named.ca - Local forward lookups:
/var/named/named.localdomain - Local reverse lookups:
/var/named/named.127.0.0.1 - Authoritative domain file:
/var/named/named.cranzgot.co.za - LAN reverse lookups:
/var/named/named.192.168.2 - Authoritative reverse lookups (1):
/var/named/named.196.28.144 - Authoritative reverse lookups (2):
/var/named/named.160.123.181.44
- 40.2.2 Starting the name server
- 40.2.3 Configuration in detail
- 40.2.1 Example configuration
- 40.3 Round-Robin Load-Sharing
- 40.4 Configuring
namedfor Dialup Use - 40.5 Secondary or Slave DNS Servers
- 41. Point-to-Point Protocol -- Dialup Networking
- 42. The LINUX Kernel Source, Modules, and Hardware Support
- 42.1 Kernel Constitution
- 42.2 Kernel Version Numbers
- 42.3 Modules,
insmodCommand, and Siblings - 42.4 Interrupts, I/O Ports, and DMA Channels
- 42.5 Module Options and Device Configuration
- 42.6 Configuring Various Devices
- 42.6.1 Sound and
pnpdump - 42.6.2 Parallel port
- 42.6.3 NIC -- Ethernet, PCI, and old ISA
- 42.6.4 PCI vendor ID and device ID
- 42.6.5 PCI and sound
- 42.6.6 Commercial sound drivers
- 42.6.7 The ALSA sound project
- 42.6.8 Multiple Ethernet cards
- 42.6.9 SCSI disks
- 42.6.10 SCSI termination and cooling
- 42.6.11 CD writers
- 42.6.12 Serial devices
- 42.6.1 Sound and
- 42.7 Modem Cards
- 42.8 More on
LILO:Options - 42.9 Building the Kernel
- 42.10 Using Packaged Kernel Source
- 42.11 Building, Installing
- 43. The X Window System
- 44. UNIX Security
- 44.1 Common Attacks
- 44.2 Other Types of Attack
- 44.3 Counter Measures
- 44.3.1 Removing known risks: outdated packages
- 44.3.2 Removing known risks: compromised packages
- 44.3.3 Removing known risks: permissions
- 44.3.4 Password management
- 44.3.5 Disabling inherently insecure services
- 44.3.6 Removing potential risks: network
- 44.3.7 Removing potential risks: setuid programs
- 44.3.8 Making life difficult
- 44.3.9 Custom security paradigms
- 44.3.10 Proactive cunning
- 44.4 Important Reading
- 44.5 Security Quick-Quiz
- 44.6 Security Auditing
- A. Lecture Schedule
- B. LPI Certification Cross-Reference
- B.1 Exam Details for 101
- General LINUX, part I
- B.2 Exam Details for 102
- General LINUX, part II
- Topic 1.1: Hardware and Architecture
- Topic 2.2: LINUX Installation and Package Management
- Topic 1.5: Kernel
- Topic 1.7: Text Editing, Processing, Printing
- Topic 1.9: Shells, Scripting, Programming, Compiling
- Topic 2.10: X
- Topic 1.12: Networking Fundamentals
- Topic 1.13: Networking Services
- Topic 1.14: Security
- C. RHCE Certification Cross-Reference
- D. LINUX Advocacy FAQ
- D.1 LINUX Overview
- What is LINUX?
- What are UNIX systems used for? What can LINUX do?
- What other platforms does LINUX run on including the PC?
- What is meant by GNU/LINUX as opposed to LINUX?
- What web pages should I look at?
- What are Debian, RedHat, Caldera, SuSE? Explain the different LINUX distributions.
- Who developed LINUX?
- Why should I not use LINUX?
- D.2 LINUX, GNU, and Licensing
- What is LINUX's license?
- What is GNU?
- Why is GNU software better than proprietary software?
- Explain the restrictions of LINUX's ``free''GNU
General Public License. - If LINUX is free, where do companies have the right to make money from selling CDs?
- What if Linus Torvalds decided to change the copyright on the kernel? Could he sell out to a company?
- What if Linus Torvalds stopped supporting LINUX? What if kernel development split?
- What is Open Source vs. Free vs. Shareware?
- D.3 LINUX Distributions
- If everyone is constantly modifying the source, isn't this bad for the consumer? How is the user protected from bogus software?
- There are so many different LINUX versions -- is this not confusion and incompatibility?
- Will a program from one LINUX Distribution run on another?
How compatible are the different distributions? - What is the best distribution to use?
- Where do I get LINUX?
- How do I install LINUX?
- D.4 LINUX Support
- D.5 LINUX Compared to Other Systems
- What is the most popular UNIX in the world?
- How many LINUX systems are there out there?
- What is the total cost of installing and running LINUX compared to a proprietary non-UNIX system?
- What is the total cost of installing and running a LINUX system compared to a proprietary UNIX system?
- How does LINUX compare to other operating systems in performance?
- What about SMP and a journalling file system? Is LINUX enterprise-ready?
- Does LINUX only support 2 Gigs of memory and 128 Meg of swap?
- Isn't UNIX antiquated? Isn't its security model outdated?
- How does FreeBSD compare to LINUX?
- D.6 Migrating to LINUX
- D.7 Technical
- Are LINUX CDs readable from Windows?
- Can I run LINUX and Windows on the same machine?
- How much space do I need to install LINUX?
- What are the hardware requirements?
- What hardware is supported? Will my sound/graphics/network card work?
- Can I view my Windows, OS/2, and MS-DOS files under LINUX?
- Can I run DOS programs under LINUX?
- Can I recompile Windows programs under LINUX?
- Can I run Windows programs under LINUX?
- I have heard that LINUX does not suffer from virus attacks. Is it true that there is no threat of viruses with UNIX systems?
- Is LINUX as secure as other servers?
- D.1 LINUX Overview
- E. The GNU General Public License Version 2
- About this document ...