The interface of a program is the sum of all the ways that it communicates with human users and other programs. In Chapter═10, we discussed the use of environment variables, switches, run-control files and other parts of start-up-time interfaces. In this chapter, we'll untangle the history and explain the pragmatics of Unix interfaces after startup time. Because user-interface code normally consumes 40% or more of development time, knowing good design patterns is especially important here in order to avoid a lot of false starts and time-intensive rewrites.

In the Unix tradition of interface design, we encounter two themes over and over again. One is anticipatory design for communication with other programs; the other is the Rule of Least Surprise.

Unix programs can give you extra power from being used in synergistic combinations; we discussed various methods for hooking together such combinations in Chapter═7. The ‘other programs’ part of Unix interface design is not an afterthought or a marginal case as it is under many other operating systems. Rather, it is a central challenge that has to be balanced and integrated carefully with the demands of interface design for human users.

Much of Unix-community tradition about program interface design may seem odd and arbitrary — or even, in the age of the GUI, downright regressive — when you encounter that tradition for the first time. But in spite of various blemishes and irregularities, that tradition has an inner logic to it which is worth learning and understanding. It reflects heuristics accumulated over Unix's long history about ways to do effective communication both with human beings and with other programs. And it includes a set of conventions which create commonalities between programs — it defines ‘least surprising’ alternatives for a wide range of common interface-design problems.

After startup, programs normally get input or commands from the following sources:

Programs can emit results in all the same ways (with output going to standard═output).

Some Unix programs are graphical, some have screen-oriented character interfaces, and some use a starkly simple text-filter design unchanged from the days of mechanical teletypes. To the uninitiated, it is often far from obvious why any given program uses the style it does — or, indeed, why Unix supports such a plethora of interface styles at all.

Unix has several competing interface styles. All are still alive for a reason; they're optimized for different situations. By understanding the fit between task and interface style, you will learn how to choose the right styles for the jobs you need to do.